1-Nonanethiol: A Comprehensive Insight

Historical Development

1-Nonanethiol has grown from an early curiosity in organic sulfur compounds to an important player across several industries. Going back to the mid-1900s, organic chemists started exploring alkanethiols for their unique blend of reactivity and industrial relevance. Much of the early work with 1-Nonanethiol centered on simple preparation routes from nonanol or nonyl bromide using thiourea. Laboratories quickly recognized its distinct odor and sulfur reactivity, adopting it as a building block in synthesis and a tool for studying the interface of sulfur chemistry and hydrocarbon frameworks. Over time, researchers expanded the catalog of thiols, but 1-Nonanethiol kept showing up in patents and product sheets, especially where a straight-chain, mid-length thiol provided the right balance of handling and chemical activity.

Product Overview

This chemical, sometimes called nonyl mercaptan, carries a strong, skunky scent typical of thiols. Producers deliver it mainly as a colorless to pale yellow liquid. It finds a home in flavors and fragrance labs for masking or modifying odors and in specialty chemical shops looking for a controlled sulfur source. Many practitioners rely on its structure—a simple nine-carbon chain topped with a thiol group—to adjust hydrophobicity in surfactant design or fine-tune chemical properties in custom syntheses.

Physical & Chemical Properties

With a molecular formula of C9H20S, 1-Nonanethiol comes in at a molar mass of around 160.32 g/mol. It displays a boiling point near 215°C and a melting point close to -42°C. Its density hovers around 0.84 g/cm³, marking it as lighter than water. Like other thiols, it shows low water solubility and good miscibility with organic solvents including alcohols and ethers. The primary functional handle, the -SH group, gives the compound its reactivity. Exposure to air often leads to oxidation—formation of disulfides is common. 1-Nonanethiol lights up standard detection methods, showing strong responses in sulfur-specific gas chromatography detectors.

Technical Specifications & Labeling

Suppliers typically offer 1-Nonanethiol at technical or pure grades, with purity exceeding 98% for most research uses. Product packaging stresses tight sealing because of the strong odor and tendency toward oxidation. Safety Data Sheets classify it under Flammable Liquids and Acute Toxicity categories. Notation under the GHS references its harmful effects if swallowed or inhaled, its skin and eye irritancy, and its environmental risks for aquatic organisms. Labels on containers include warnings, hazard pictograms, suggested storage temperatures—preferably cool, dry, and well-ventilated zones—plus the standard recommendations for personal protective equipment.

Preparation Method

Industrious chemists generate 1-Nonanethiol mainly by treating nonyl bromide with thiourea, followed by alkaline hydrolysis. This route has shown robust yields and decent scalability, delivering reliable product quality. Alternative methods use nonanol with phosphorus pentasulfide, but this approach often creates byproducts and calls for more involved purification. Labs that value clean, reproducible product turn to the halide/thiourea process, which dovetails with established purification steps like vacuum distillation to strip out residual sulfur compounds or short-chain impurities.

Chemical Reactions & Modifications

The hallmark SH group transforms nonanethiol into a sort of chemical multitool. Reaction with halides offers a simple path to thioethers, and oxidation builds symmetrical disulfides with relative ease. On the lab bench, coupling reactions—sometimes under mild conditions—swap the thiol for aromatic or unsaturated moieties, turning 1-Nonanethiol into a launchpad for surfactant synthesis or custom ligands. Researchers frequently reach for it in gold nanoparticle stabilization projects, where sulfur–gold bonding outperforms many other functional groups for creating sturdy organic–inorganic hybrids.

Synonyms & Product Names

Across catalogs and technical literature, 1-Nonanethiol carries a handful of names. You’re likely to see it called nonyl mercaptan, n-nonanethiol, or simply nonanethiol. Certain regions refer to it as 1-mercaptononane. Product listings in chemical databases such as PubChem or Sigma-Aldrich use these synonyms interchangeably. These alternate names persist, not because of fashion, but because workers in applied chemistry fields stick to legacy terms picked up from early training or regulatory standards.

Safety & Operational Standards

Safety professionals stress proper ventilation and source containment. This compound’s sharp odor means even tiny leaks get noticed instantly, but extended exposures trigger symptoms like headache, eye watering, and throat discomfort. Handling practices include closed systems for transfers wherever possible, chemical fume hoods for storage and manipulations, and robust eye and skin protection. Fire safety standards matter, given its moderate flash point. Many facilities rely on self-contained spills kits and chemical respirators to manage accidental releases. Disposal processes follow local regulations for organosulfur compounds—neutralization, incineration, or specified chemical treatment routes.

Application Area

Surfactant and agrochemical developers lean on 1-Nonanethiol to adjust polarity in formulations and attach sulfur-rich sites to hydrocarbon backbones. Some blending houses include it in additive packages for lubricants or plastics, where its reactivity tames static or shifts compatibility. Fragrance designers sometimes leverage tiny doses to mellow certain off-notes in synthetic flavors or odors, making it a popular tool in quality control work. On the electronics side, researchers crank out self-assembled monolayers on gold using various alkanethiols, with 1-Nonanethiol favored for studies that explore chain-length effects on surface energy or electrical characteristics.

Research & Development

Academic labs and corporate R&D outfits view 1-Nonanethiol as a touchstone for classic thiol chemistry—a go-to reagent that opens doors for new molecule design. Scientists in surface science examine its packing on nanostructured materials or probe reaction rates in sulfur-centered processes. Newer studies look at its impact on sensor interfaces, bioconjugation, and drug delivery technologies. Its clear, direct reactivity gives chemists a handle to test theoretical predictions or train new researchers on organic synthesis protocols.

Toxicity Research

Laboratory animal models have flagged nonanethiol as moderately toxic, with irritation to eyes, nose, and airways evident at low concentrations. Ingestion or skin contact causes systemic effects, and chronic exposure raises legitimate concerns over nervous system impacts and possible organ damage. Regulatory agencies cite the need for robust engineering controls and note the environmental persistence of thiols in soil and water. Recent work tracks metabolite formation and attempts to pin down safe exposure levels, but as of now, most factories and research sites opt for levels far below those limits. There’s clear benefit in updating risk assessments as more comprehensive toxicology data comes in.

Future Prospects

Researchers keep pushing the boundaries of nonanethiol’s utility. Growth in nanotechnology and precision surface engineering has put fresh focus on its use in modifying contact angles, tuning wetting performance, and creating nanoscale environments for catalysis or biosensing. In green chemistry, interest grows around less toxic functionalization routes, renewable feedstocks, and smart recycling of sulfur reagents. Automation and digital chemical synthesis libraries are beginning to include protocols with long-chain thiols, hinting at broader adoption in materials science and chemical informatics. As data accumulates on its risk profile, improvements in handling technology and new application areas will keep 1-Nonanethiol front and center in labs chasing both fundamental understanding and industrial innovation.



What is 1-Nonanethiol used for?

Strong Smell, Powerful Uses

Anyone who has worked with 1-Nonanethiol remembers its smell. Just a whiff and you know you’re dealing with sulfur chemistry. That strong, almost skunky odor shows up even in tiny amounts. But there’s a solid reason it’s in laboratories and manufacturing shops around the world. This chemical’s ability to bond to metal surfaces and its usefulness in making more complex molecules turns it into a quiet workhorse in science and industry.

Industrial Connections

1-Nonanethiol goes into action mainly as a building block for bigger projects. Chemical companies use it to introduce sulfur into organic compounds. The compound stands out in the creation of specialty lubricants. Its structure, with a long carbon chain, helps it latch onto metal and reduce friction. This comes in handy for engines and industrial equipment where breakdowns cost time and money. The presence of the sulfur atom not only provides sturdiness but also changes how these lubricants perform under heat and pressure. This might sound like narrow science, but better lubrication stretches machinery life and cuts waste. Factories all over the world depend on that edge.

Surfactants: The Hidden Helpers

One area where many folks outside chemistry overlook 1-Nonanethiol is in surfactant production. Surfactants are the backbone for lots of products: detergents, shampoos, cleaning fluids, even oil spill agents. 1-Nonanethiol’s structure lets it interact with oily substances and water at the same time. That’s the kind of trait engineers want when they need something to clean up oil or grease. Formulators blend small amounts into products to help ingredients spread out and wash away grime, including in household and industrial settings.

Research and Custom Synthesis

Academic labs and research teams also come back to 1-Nonanethiol when working on experiments involving self-assembled monolayers, or SAMs. This field might sound distant for most people, but it means a lot for creating new sensors and medical devices. Scientists use it to coat gold surfaces, preparing them for applications in electronics and bioengineering. The molecule forms an organized layer that makes these devices sensitive enough to pick up on disease markers or environmental changes long before traditional detectors notice anything.

Staying Safe with a Potent Chemical

Handling 1-Nonanethiol takes real safety habits. Even in low concentrations, the strong odor can force workers out of a room. Direct skin contact means rashes. Breathing in vapors over time could cause headaches or throat irritation. The right approach includes using gloves and working beneath a fume hood. For me, any time handling a thiol like this meant double-checking the safety data and warning coworkers well in advance. Even those not directly working with it appreciate advance notice, since the smell spreads fast and lingers. Companies committed to the health of their workers make sure proper storage and cleanup routines are practiced every day—not just during official inspections.

Smart Approaches for the Future

Looking ahead, chemists are exploring new ways to harness molecules with sulfur atoms—like 1-Nonanethiol—while minimizing odor and exposure concerns. There’s research into additives to cut the strong smell. Engineers are also redesigning workplace ventilation to better clear the air after spills, which makes sense for anyone spending hours near these chemicals. Thoughtful disposal steps keep this compound out of groundwater and soil, something chemical companies take more seriously as regulations tighten worldwide. Adopting safer practices not only protects workers but also makes it easier for industries to advance without setbacks.

What are the safety precautions when handling 1-Nonanethiol?

Understanding 1-Nonanethiol

Not many people come across 1-Nonanethiol unless they spend their time around labs. This compound smells worse than rotten onions and can easily make the whole room impossible to stand. Its strong odor, though, is far from the biggest concern. 1-Nonanethiol can sneak past basic gloves, irritate your nose and lungs, and even cause some skin trouble.

Real Risks in Everyday Use

I remember opening a bottle of a similar thiol in grad school and the scent lingered in the hallway for hours. No one could get any work done. More important than the smell, though, was the realization that even the tiniest drop turned skin red and raw. Short exposures to thiols bring headaches, dizziness, and coughing. A bad spill brings you face-to-face with how fast these chemicals soak through gloves and clothes. Eye contact means rinsing with water for minutes and hoping for no permanent effects.

Getting Protection Right

Standard lab coats and thin gloves fall short. Trust me—if you try to save on gear, the price comes later. Nitrile, butyl, or even layered gloves give better protection. Wearing a well-fitted pair of goggles shields eyes from accidental splashes, which happens more often than you'd think if you're rushing. A full-length lab coat, buttoned-up, and closed-toed shoes create decent barriers. Skip any perfume or lotion, as these trap or react with the chemical, making things worse.

Always handle 1-Nonanethiol in a working chemical fume hood. This isn't a time for shortcuts or broken sash shields. Fume hoods pull vapors and aerosols away from your lungs, cutting down on headaches and exposure without you even noticing. Clean up any spilled drop fast with plenty of absorbent pads. Don't use your bare hands or just paper towels. Disposable shoe covers help if you're working with larger volumes, as do disposable sleeves if you're pouring or mixing.

Storage Matters More Than You’d Expect

Never keep 1-Nonanethiol on a general-purpose shelf or countertop. I’ve seen bottles stored next to snacks, and that’s an invitation for contamination no one wants. Separated storage in a locked, ventilated cabinet keeps both odors and risk in check. Label everything, even if it's your own bottle, because mistakes happen in every lab. If you store this compound, double-bag the container to keep fumes from escaping and bothering everyone else.

Waste Disposal and Emergency Steps

Never pour 1-Nonanethiol down drains, no matter how diluted it seems. Collect all waste in properly labeled containers. Some campuses or companies bring in specialized chemical waste teams for this, since thiols can leak through plastic and cause headaches for waste handlers down the line. Even pipette tips or gloves used with this compound need a hazardous waste bag—not the regular trash bin.

If you get any on your skin or in your eyes, start flushing with cool water immediately for at least 15 minutes. Unlike other splashes, this one burns and keeps burning. Respiratory trouble calls for fresh air right away and medical help. Always have an eyewash station and safety shower ready to use in any space where 1-Nonanethiol pops up.

Teamwork and Good Habits

No single person handles everything perfectly. Train everyone who might come across this chemical, even once. Share your stories and the little tricks that make a difference—like keeping a change of clothes nearby after a spill or doing a double glove check before starting. Choosing the right gear, respecting storage, and sticking to disposal rules mean fewer accidents and more productive days.

What is the boiling point of 1-Nonanethiol?

Looking Closer at 1-Nonanethiol

Chemists don’t just memorize boiling points to fill tables in textbooks. Every number matters, especially for compounds like 1-Nonanethiol. This is a sulfur-containing molecule that often shows up in labs and, sometimes, in manufacturing. Its boiling point sits around 223 °C. That makes it pretty stable under everyday conditions. This detail becomes important for anyone handling, transporting, or experimenting with it.

Sulfur’s Surprises: Why the Boiling Point Isn’t Just a Number

Take it from someone who’s worked with stinky thiols before: boiling point comes up more than you think. A misstep on temperature control, things can get messy—or dangerous. At 223 °C, 1-Nonanethiol stays put during mixing or reaction set-ups at room temperature, but turn up the heat, and it does what any liquid will do—evaporate fast. In dense lab setups, a sudden vapor release can catch even experienced hands off guard.

The boiling point gives a sense of what equipment works best. Conventional glassware won’t always work if you push close to that 223 °C mark. Engineers trust this number when selecting distillation columns, condensers, or safety gear. You don’t want to gamble with leaks of this sulfur-smelling compound in closed spaces—those who have, know the headache it causes.

Health, Safety, and Environmental Awareness

A sulfur compound like 1-Nonanethiol demands respect. Exposure to high concentrations, especially as vapors, brings irritation or even more severe health risks. Boiling point tells workers when to expect vapor, and helps set safe storage guidelines. In workplaces that focus on occupational safety, clear information about boiling points becomes part of safety data sheets.

Transporting 1-Nonanethiol takes planning. At regular temperatures, it remains a liquid, so spills rarely turn into gas clouds immediately. Accidentally heat it, for example during a fire, and it quickly breaks containment through vapor. Emergency responders and hazardous material teams often look up the boiling point before deciding on masks, ventilation, and containment plans.

Industrial Uses: Choices Rely on Reliable Data

Manufacturing planners and chemical buyers calculate by the boiling point. Running a reactor too close to 223 °C, things start escaping, production lines need to adapt, emissions controls must ramp up. Chemical engineers learn early to set process temperatures a safe margin below boiling point to avoid evaporation losses. For quality products and cleaner workspaces, this single property—boiling point—guides so many day-to-day choices.

Some specialty applications call for handling thiols at high temperatures. The right number ensures efficiency, purity, and speed. Start guessing or ignore the data, there’s a risk of bad batches or dangerous working environments. Data from laboratory measurements remains the solid foundation for safe and productive chemistry.

Getting the Facts Right—And Making the Industry Safer

Peer-reviewed resources and regulatory agencies record a boiling point of 223 °C for 1-Nonanethiol. Consistency in referencing trusted sources makes labs and factories safer. Mistakes in this number may lead to avoidable accidents or wasted resources. Reliable guides and up-to-date training keep workers and communities safer.

Boiling points may look like trivia, but in reality, they drive decisions every day. And for 1-Nonanethiol, 223 °C is more than just a figure in a chart—it’s a real problem-solver for anyone who wants clean, efficient, and safe chemistry.

How should 1-Nonanethiol be stored?

Understanding What’s Inside the Bottle

1-Nonanethiol stands out for its intense odor and its habit of reacting quickly if it escapes the bottle. Handling a liquid like this gets personal fast—I’ve worked in labs where a spilled drop turned the room into a rotten onion disaster. No one wants that or the risky reactions that can follow. We’re talking about a flammable liquid with a knack for corroding materials and making the air sharp with fumes.

Getting Storage Right from the Start

Right out of the supplier’s box, 1-Nonanethiol asks for a tightly-sealed glass container. Glass beats plastic since the chemical breaks down most plastics over time. If 1-Nonanethiol touches metal, it might leave you with rust or leaks, so skip the metallic caps or shelving when possible.

Temperature control matters. Room temperature works, but garages and sheds that swing from hot summers to freezing winters don’t offer a happy home. A chemical storage cabinet—ventilated and designed for flammables—makes a real difference. I remember one workplace investing in double-walled cabinets, and chemical smells dropped overnight.

Fighting Fumes and Protecting Your Team

Most folks forget how volatile 1-Nonanethiol gets if the seal isn’t perfect. Even a tiny leak can mean a big stink and a real health hazard. The vapors irritate the eyes and nose, and nobody wants to find out the hard way that it can affect breathing, either. You want to keep it in a spot where air moves well. A fume hood works in the lab; in storage, a vented cabinet earns its cost in peace of mind.

Label that bottle clearly. Unmarked or poorly labeled bottles start accidents. I once saw an intern use what he thought was ethanol, only to clear an entire wing. Take an extra minute for a fresh label and add hazard warnings right on the cap.

Fire Isn’t Just in the Movies

1-Nonanethiol burns quickly. Even the static electricity from a sweater can set off fumes in a closed space. Keeping it away from open flames, stoves, and heat sources isn’t just a rule on paper—it’s experience learned in places where policies came too late. Store it with flammables, never with oxidizers. One careless mix can spike the risks from fire to explosion.

Checking Up and Keeping It Legal

Every workplace using this chemical follows local and OSHA rules because fines and safety incidents add up fast. Storing above certain amounts calls for spill containment and regular inspections. Inspect every few months for crust on the cap, cracked seals, or faded labels. A casual attitude leads to a real mess or a hospital bill.

Safer Disposal Helps Everyone

Leaving the bottle sitting past its expiration date serves no one. Liquid waste pickups, run by people trained to handle hazardous chemicals, keep the material out of landfills and water supplies. Even a little poured down the wrong drain can ruin a septic system and harm streams or groundwater. Lab routines should include regular inventories and safe disposal planning.

Small Steps Add Up

Treating 1-Nonanethiol with respect keeps coworkers healthy and neighborhoods safe. Large or small operations all run smoother with these habits. Real safety never comes from ignoring the nasty stuff. It always pays off to play it safe from the moment the bottle opens to the day it leaves for disposal.

What are the possible health hazards of 1-Nonanethiol exposure?

What is 1-Nonanethiol?

1-Nonanethiol falls into the family of thiol compounds—chemicals that come with a strong, easily recognized odor, sometimes described as rotten eggs or garlic. Manufacturers use it in fragrances, chemical research, and sometimes for flavor work. It lands in workplaces ranging from industrial labs to perfume makers, so understanding the risks holds value for both workers and curious residents near production sites.

Immediate Effects on Health

Walking into a room with a thiol like 1-Nonanethiol in the air, people often complain about burning eyes or a sore throat. Eyes water, noses sting, and sneezing isn’t uncommon. The scent alone can make you instinctively want to leave—but the effects go further. Brief exposure occasionally brings on nausea or headaches as the body reacts to the odor, even at low levels.

Direct skin contact gives another set of troubles. Redness, irritation, or even blistering appear on sensitive skin. Without gloves, even a short spill can soak into the skin, where it leaves soreness for a while. Inhaling higher concentrations—either in accident settings or poorly ventilated rooms—resembles the kind of chest tightness and coughing seen with household cleaning fumes, only sharper.

Longer-Term and Repeated Exposure

Longer interactions create more lasting risks. Industrial records from workplaces handling thiols show that people that frequently handle the stuff often complain about ongoing coughs, persistent sore throats, and sinus issues. Sometimes, chronic contact leads to skin conditions like eczema or allergic reactions, making daily comfort a challenge.

There’s solid animal data pointing to liver and kidney strain from repeated large exposures, especially if safety steps lag behind. While hard numbers on cancer risk are missing, kidney and liver toxicity over the long haul is enough reason to pay attention. Families living near factories deserve to know if wind patterns can push vapors toward neighborhoods, since repeated low-level exposure hasn’t been studied much outside research labs.

What Studies and Guidelines Suggest

Groups like the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the European Chemicals Agency rate thiols as hazardous. Suggested exposure limits stay low, with most reputable safety agencies recommending levels below 1 part per million for air exposure during routine work. The goal is to cut down irritation, but it also reflects a serious approach to unknown long-term risks.

Independent reviews of lab studies show respiratory and skin irritation ranks as the top concern, so wearing gloves and well-fitted masks does more than check a box. Workers using chemical fume hoods or properly maintained ventilation systems report far fewer health complaints. If you can smell a chemical like 1-Nonanethiol strongly in the air, there’s a good chance defenses aren’t working right.

Smart Precautions and Next Steps

Direct experience in a lab tells you quickly: undervaluing personal protection hurts. Gloves, eye protection, and especially ventilation cut most acute symptoms. Employees should regularly review training on spill cleanup and emergency eyewash use. Facilities ought to consider continuous monitoring for air levels, not just spot checks. Community members can push for companies to share air monitoring data and emergency response measures.

Raising questions about chemicals like 1-Nonanethiol isn’t panicking—it’s about cutting risk for workers, neighbors, and future generations. No one benefits from downplaying hazard data. Trust grows when companies, scientists, and residents talk openly about both job safety and local environmental health. That’s how better safeguards—and peace of mind—come to life.

1-Nonanethiol
Names
Preferred IUPAC name nonane-1-thiol
Other names n-Nonyl mercaptan
Nonane-1-thiol
Pronunciation /ˈnəʊ.næn.taɪ.ɒl/
Identifiers
CAS Number 1455-21-6
3D model (JSmol) `CCCCCCCCC[S]`
Beilstein Reference 1751374
ChEBI CHEBI:36456
ChEMBL CHEMBL135995
ChemSpider 10229
DrugBank DB11241
ECHA InfoCard 19f7e1e8-ef9a-4fa7-aa57-7ad5cf4e6cf8
EC Number 211-875-5
Gmelin Reference 74716
KEGG C06531
MeSH D009650
PubChem CID 8126
RTECS number RN0290000
UNII Z6795K13TI
UN number UN3334
Properties
Chemical formula C9H20S
Molar mass 162.33 g/mol
Appearance Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Odor Unpleasant, skunk-like
Density 0.845 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Solubility in water Insoluble
log P 3.82
Vapor pressure 0.0507 mmHg (25°C)
Acidity (pKa) 10.7
Basicity (pKb) pKb = 3.72
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -71.0e-6 cm³/mol
Refractive index (nD) nD 1.447
Viscosity 2.32 mPa·s (25 °C)
Dipole moment 1.51 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 344.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) -168.7 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) -5960.7 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling GHS02, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09
Pictograms GHS06, GHS08, GHS09
Signal word Warning
Hazard statements H226, H302, H311, H314, H331, H411
Precautionary statements P210, P261, P273, P280, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338, P304+P340, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 2-2-0-HEALTH
Flash point Flash point: 92 °C (197.6 °F; 365 K)
Autoignition temperature 215 °C
Lethal dose or concentration LD50 oral rat 1600 mg/kg
LD50 (median dose) LD50 (median dose): Oral rat LD50 = 700 mg/kg
NIOSH NA2970000
PEL (Permissible) PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) for 1-Nonanethiol: "PEL: 0.5 ppm (Skin)
REL (Recommended) Gloves, Lab coat, Chemical splash goggles
IDLH (Immediate danger) 100 ppm
Related compounds
Related compounds 1-Propanethiol
1-Butanethiol
1-Pentanethiol
1-Hexanethiol
1-Heptanethiol
1-Octanethiol
1-Decanethiol