Tetradecanethiol: Product Overview and Key Properties

What is Tetradecanethiol?

Tetradecanethiol, a chemical compound known for its distinctive sulfur-based thiol group, plays a practical role in both research laboratories and manufacturing settings. Featuring a fourteen-carbon alkyl chain that ends in a thiol (–SH) group, this compound stands out for specific chemical interactions. Its molecular formula is C₁₄H₃₀S, and the structure’s long hydrophobic tail pairs with a highly reactive sulfhydryl head. Tetradecanethiol appears as a solid at room temperature, often in the form of white to off-white flakes or crystalline powder. Depending on storage conditions, users might spot it as a pearl, but rarely as a liquid unless heated. This physical appearance makes it straightforward for handling and measuring in most laboratory and industrial applications.

Physical and Chemical Properties

This compound features a molecular weight of 230.46 g/mol, offering a notable density at about 0.85 g/cm³. Tetradecanethiol typically melts around 24–28°C, just above room temperature, which means it can soften or even liquefy in a warm work environment. The vapor pressure remains low, which reduces the risk of inhalation exposure compared to more volatile organosulfur compounds. Odor stands out due to the thiol group, producing a strong, pungent smell familiar to anyone with experience handling sulfur chemicals. Solubility in water is negligible; in contrast, it readily dissolves in organic solvents such as hexane, chloroform, or diethyl ether—key for blending in synthesis or forming self-assembled monolayers.

Structure and Specifications

Structurally, tetradecanethiol’s linear alkyl chain allows its molecules to line up in tightly packed formations, which is a critical feature for chemists constructing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold or other metal surfaces. These monolayers play a part in surface modification, corrosion resistance, and microfabrication. Purity grades often exceed 95%, with lower levels of impurities critical for applications in electronics or sensor research. As a raw material, manufacturers highlight consistent melting point, precise density, and standardized particle size distribution to ensure repeatable performance across different batches. Specifications for storage recommend airtight containers away from direct sunlight to prevent oxidation of the sensitive thiol group.

HS Code and Regulatory Context

The Harmonized System (HS) Code for tetradecanethiol typically falls under 2930, which covers organo-sulfur compounds including thiols. Accurate classification ensures smooth cross-border shipments and compliance with chemical import/export regulations. Because this material can be considered hazardous due to its thiol group, shipping and handling require correct documentation and labeling, following standards set by international chemical safety protocols.

Material Forms and Handling

As a raw material, tetradecanethiol arrives as solid flakes, crystals, or compressed powder depending on supplier and intended use. Crystallinity and grain size influence solubility and ease of integration into reactions. Some processes require a dissolved solution, particularly where precision dosing matters. Safe handling practices call for gloves and protective eyewear, not only to avoid direct skin contact but also to prevent the characteristic sulfur odor from lingering on exposed skin or clothing. The compound can be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed, and safety data sheets suggest prompt washing with soap and water after exposure.

Potential Hazards and Safe Use

Tetradecanethiol, like other alkane thiols, demands respect for its chemical activity. The thiol group reacts with oxidizers, acids, and even light, causing the compound to degrade or release foul-smelling vapors. Chronic low-level exposure can lead to headaches or nausea; direct skin contact may cause irritation or allergic reaction. Storage in well-ventilated, dry environments slows oxidative degradation and minimizes accidental vapor release. Emergency measures remain straightforward: plenty of fresh air for inhalation, and thorough rinsing for skin contact. Spill response depends on physical form. Flakes and powder can be swept, sealed, and disposed of in line with local hazardous waste procedures, while solutions demand more careful absorption and neutralization.

Applications and Industry Solutions

End users across fields value tetradecanethiol for modifying gold surfaces in molecular electronics, sensors, and nanotechnology. Its application extends to monolayer formation, organic synthesis, and corrosion-resistant coatings. The reactivity of the thiol group makes this compound a reliable anchor for attaching small molecules onto surfaces, supporting the growth of devices based on molecular recognition or surface patterning. To reduce risks, researchers and industry experts call for ventilation upgrades in laboratories, personal exposure monitoring, and regular training on sulfur chemistry hazards. Labels detailing composition, handling, hazards, and emergency procedures, along with digital safety data sheets, support workplace safety and regulatory compliance.

Conclusions and Future Outlook

Experience in the chemical lab backs up the claim that a solid foundation in hazard awareness, complemented by good work habits, ensures safe and effective use of tetradecanethiol. Suppliers adjust purity standards based on feedback from material scientists and engineers, aiming for lower impurity levels and improved consistency from batch to batch. Regulatory agencies keep up with advances in applications, periodically reviewing safe exposure limits and shipping requirements. Looking forward, as demand rises in nanotechnology and materials engineering, the industry will benefit from open access to quality control data and advances in safer packaging, reducing accidents and boosting confidence in this essential raw material.